Transformer Basic Information

A Transformer is an electrical device used to increase or decrease AC voltage using electromagnetic induction.

Main Purpose

Step-up voltage (increase voltage)
Step-down voltage (decrease voltage)
Transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another

Basic Parts of Transformer

Core
- Made of laminated silicon steel
- Provides path for magnetic flux
Primary Winding
- Input winding connected to supply
Secondary Winding
- Output winding connected to load
Insulation
- Separates windings and prevents short circuit
Transformer Oil (in large transformers)
- Cooling and insulation purpose

Working Principle

Transformer works on the principle of:

V_p/V_s = N_p/N_s

Where:

(V_p) = Primary Voltage
(V_s) = Secondary Voltage
(N_p) = Primary Turns
(N_s) = Secondary Turns

When AC supply is given to primary winding:

Magnetic flux is produced
Flux links with secondary winding
Voltage induced in secondary winding

Types of Transformers

1. Step-Up Transformer

Increases voltage
Used in power stations

2. Step-Down Transformer

Decreases voltage
Used in homes and industries

3. Distribution Transformer

Used near consumers

4. Power Transformer

Used in transmission systems

Advantages

High efficiency
No moving parts
Low maintenance
Safe voltage conversion

Applications

Power transmission
Mobile chargers
Welding machines
UPS and inverter
Electrical substations

Important Formula

Transformer Efficiency

\eta = \frac{Output\ Power}{Input\ Power}\times100

Frequency Relation

E = 4.44 f N \phi_m